SS 1 First Term

Learning Objectives

• Describe the keyboard and the mouse as input devices.
• Identify scanners, microphones, webcams and touchscreens.
• Choose the right input device for a task.
• Describe input technologies and assistive input devices.

The Keyboard and the Mouse

An input device is any hardware component that lets the user enter data and instructions into a computer. Input devices capture data in the real world (text, images, sound, movement) and convert it into digital signals that the CPU can process. The keyboard and mouse are the most common input devices.

The keyboard converts key presses into binary codes. Keys are grouped into the alphanumeric keys (letters, digits, and punctuation), the function keys (F1 to F12 across the top), the control keys (Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Enter, Backspace, Escape), the navigation keys (arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down), and the numeric keypad. A typical QWERTY keyboard has 104 to 108 keys. The faster and more accurately a learner types, the more efficient school and office work becomes.

The mouse is a pointing device that controls the on-screen cursor. The basic actions are point (move the cursor to an item), click (select), double-click (open), right-click (show menu), drag (move an item), and scroll (move a page up or down). Modern mice are optical, using a light sensor instead of the rolling ball of older models. Some have a scroll wheel and extra buttons.

Scanners, Microphones, Webcams, and Touchscreens

A scanner captures printed text, photos, or documents and converts them into digital images that a computer can edit, store, and print. Flatbed scanners work like a photocopier, where the paper lies on a glass plate and a moving light passes over it. Scanner quality is measured in DPI (dots per inch). A higher DPI gives a sharper image but produces a larger file. Banks use scanners to digitise withdrawal forms, and schools scan report cards and certificates.

A microphone captures sound waves and converts them into digital audio signals. It is used for voice calls, voice notes, dictation, audio recording, and voice assistants. In the classroom, learners use microphones for presentations and for recording oral exercises in language lessons.

A webcam is a small digital video camera that captures moving images. It is built into most laptops and tablets or plugged into a desktop computer. Learners use webcams for virtual lessons, meetings, and video calls.

A touchscreen combines input and output in one panel. The screen displays output and also detects where the finger (or a stylus) touches, sending that position as input. Touchscreens are common on smartphones, tablets, bank ATMs, POS machines, and self-service kiosks. They can detect a single touch (like a tap), multi-touch gestures (like pinching to zoom), and in some cases pressure for drawing.

Choosing the Right Input Device

Choosing an input device depends on the type of data (text, numbers, sound, images), the speed and accuracy required, the environment (office, field, classroom), and cost. For typing a 20-page essay, the keyboard is best because it is fast and accurate for text. For digitising an old photograph, a scanner is best because it captures printed images exactly. For recording a meeting, a microphone is best because it captures sound for playback. For a video lesson with parents, a webcam is best because it captures moving images and voice. For checking a PIN at an ATM, a touchscreen or keypad is best because it is quick, simple, and secure.

Input devices vary in speed and accuracy. Touch typing on a keyboard is fast but needs practice. Scanning is highly accurate for paper. Microphone dictation is fast but can be affected by noise. Good ergonomics matter too, so learners should sit upright, keep wrists straight, take short breaks, and keep the screen at eye level. Poor posture with a keyboard and mouse causes pain over time.

Input Hardware Technologies

Input devices work by sensing physical signals and converting them into data the computer can process. An optical mouse uses a light sensor to track movement, a touchscreen detects where a finger touches, and a microphone converts sound waves into digital signals. Other technologies include magnetic input, which reads the strips on bank cards, and voice input, which turns spoken words into text or commands.

Optical: light sensors read movement or marks, as in optical mice and barcode readers.

Magnetic: card readers at banks and shops read magnetic strips on cards.

Touch: a touchscreen detects the position of a finger or stylus.

Voice and sound: a microphone converts sound waves into digital data.

In Nigeria these technologies appear in everyday life: a cashier scans barcodes optically, a customer pays by card read through a magnetic reader, and a commuter confirms a transfer on a touchscreen. Understanding the technology helps learners choose the right device and see that all input devices convert a sensed signal into binary.

Biometric input means input that uses a body feature such as a fingerprint.

Input Interfaces and Data Capture Techniques

An input interface is the point where a user or machine passes data into the system, including the physical port (such as USB or Bluetooth) and the software that receives the data. Data capture is the process of collecting data so the computer can store and use it. The keyboard captures typed characters, the scanner captures images as pixels, and the microphone captures sound as sampled values.

Interface: the physical port and software that connect a device to the system.

Manual capture: data entered by the user, as with a keyboard or mouse.

Automatic capture: data read without typing, as when a scanner reads a barcode.

Captured data is converted to binary before processing.

Automatic capture is especially useful in business. A courier scans a parcel barcode, a vendor reads a QR code to confirm a transfer, and a hospital captures patient details from an ID card. Good capture techniques reduce errors, save time and keep records accurate.

Alternative and Assistive Input Devices

Alternative input devices provide other ways of entering data for users who cannot use a standard keyboard or mouse comfortably. A joystick and a trackball replace the mouse, and a drawing tablet lets an artist write with a pen. Assistive devices help users with physical or sensory challenges, such as a screen reader that reads text aloud, voice recognition that converts speech to text, and head pointers or switches for users with limited hand use.

Joystick and trackball: alternatives to the mouse for moving the cursor.

Drawing tablet: a pen-based device for writing and drawing on screen.

Screen reader: software that reads on-screen text aloud.

Voice recognition: converts speech into text or commands.

Head pointers and switches: allow users with limited hand use to control the device.

The best input device is the one that lets each person work effectively. Considering accessibility when choosing devices makes technology fairer and ensures every learner can take part.

Practical Work

1. Group a list of input devices into typing, pointing and capturing devices.
2. Draw a table of five input devices and their uses.
3. Choose an input device for a bank and explain your choice.
4. Name two assistive input devices and who needs them.

Scenario-Based Questions

1. A bank wants to digitise ten years of paper withdrawal forms for its archive. Which input device should it choose, and why is that device better than typing every form with a keyboard, using speed and accuracy in your justification?
2. A teacher wants students at home to listen to a recorded listening test and then appear live for questions. Name the two input devices needed and explain what each one captures and turns into.
3. A hospital replaces a mouse and keyboard with a touchscreen in a self service kiosk where patients check in. Predict how the interaction changes, and give one advantage and one possible drawback of the touchscreen for that public setting.
4. A student must type a 20 page essay, and a school bookshop must digitise an old class photograph. Recommend the right input device for each task and justify both choices using the type of data and the accuracy required.
5. A reporter records voice notes at a busy market and later at a silent library, using dictation on a phone each time. Predict where the dictation will be more accurate, and explain how background noise affects microphone input quality.
6. An ATM is being redesigned, and the bank compares entering a PIN on a keyboard versus on a touchscreen. Which option does your note favour for speed and security, and what reasons does it give?
7. A learner wants to move a file from one folder into another on a desktop. List the mouse actions, and in what order, the learner would use to complete the move from the point action onwards.