SS 3 First Term

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BY THE END OF THE LESSON STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

Cognitive	i. Describe databases and the role of a DBMS. ii. Use SQL to read and write data. iii. Use SQL to update and delete records and design tables. iv. Explain primary keys, foreign keys and entity relationship diagrams.
Affective	i. Appreciate the value of Database Systems in school, at home and in the community. ii. Show willingness to use digital tools carefully, safely and responsibly.
Psychomotor	i. Name the main objects of a database. ii. Write a SELECT statement with a WHERE clause. iii. Write an UPDATE statement to change one record. iv. Draw a simple entity relationship diagram for two tables.

Rationale: A database is an organised collection of structured data stored electronically. Understanding introduction to Databases and DBMS, sQL Fundamentals, sQL UPDATE, DELETE and Database Design, primary Keys, Foreign Keys and Entity Relationship Diagrams helps learners use digital technology confidently, safely and responsibly.

Pre-requisite Knowledge: In Week 4, learners studied Object-Oriented Programming, including classes, Objects, Attributes and Methods, encapsulation and Inheritance, polymorphism and Comparing OOP with Procedural Programming. The knowledge from that week is used again in this lesson.

Learning Material/Teaching Aid: Whiteboard, markers, computer or laptop where available, printed notes and charts on Database Systems, practical task sheets, learners' notebooks and pens.

Reference Materials: Digital Technology for Senior Secondary Schools (SS 3); NERDC Digital Technology Curriculum; Digital Technology SS 3 First Term Notes (Week 5); First Term examination and Continuous Assessment question papers.

LESSON DEVELOPMENT

Stage/Step (Time)	Teacher's Activities	Student's Activities	Learning Points
Introduction 5 MINUTES	Welcomes learners, revises Week 4 (Object-Oriented Programming) with two quick oral questions, and asks what they already know about Database Systems. Elicits responses and writes the topic on the board.	Recall the previous lesson and share what they already know about Database Systems.	Connecting prior knowledge to Database Systems.
Step 1 6 MINUTES	Covers Introduction to Databases and DBMS: A database is an organised collection of structured data stored electronically. Unlike a set of separate files, a database keeps related data together so that storage, retrieval and updating are efficient and safe.	Listen, take notes and answer oral questions on "Introduction to Databases and DBMS".	Understanding: Introduction to Databases and DBMS.
Step 2 6 MINUTES	Covers SQL Fundamentals: SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language for creating and managing databases. Keywords such as CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE are conventionally written in uppercase, though SQL is not case-sensitive.	Copy the key points, give examples from school and everyday life, and ask questions on "SQL Fundamentals".	Understanding: SQL Fundamentals.
Step 3 6 MINUTES	Covers SQL UPDATE, DELETE and Database Design: The UPDATE statement modifies existing records. Because it changes every record that matches its condition, it must always include a WHERE clause; without it, every record in the table is changed, which is almost always an accident.	Discuss in pairs, then report one point on "SQL UPDATE, DELETE and Database Design" to the class.	Understanding: SQL UPDATE, DELETE and Database Design.
Step 4 6 MINUTES	Covers Primary Keys, Foreign Keys and Entity Relationship Diagrams: In a relational database, keys link tables together and ensure every record can be uniquely identified. A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table. No two records can share the same primary key value, and it cannot be left empty.	Respond to questions, complete the examples on the board and note down "Primary Keys, Foreign Keys and Entity Relationship Diagrams".	Understanding: Primary Keys, Foreign Keys and Entity Relationship Diagrams.
Practical Work 6 MINUTES	Guides learners through the practical work: (i) Name the main objects of a database. (ii) Write a SELECT statement with a WHERE clause. (iii) Write an UPDATE statement to change one record. Moves round the class to check progress and correct unsafe or careless use.	Carry out the practical tasks individually or in pairs and record what they did in their notebooks.	Applying the lesson through hands-on practice.
Evaluation 3 MINUTES	Asks learners to: i. Describe databases and the role of a DBMS. ii. Use SQL to read and write data. iii. Use SQL to update and delete records and design tables. iv. Explain primary keys, foreign keys and entity relationship diagrams.	Respond verbally and in writing to the evaluation questions.	Assessment and consolidation of the lesson content.
Conclusion 2 MINUTES	Recaps the main points: introduction to Databases and DBMS, sQL Fundamentals, sQL UPDATE, DELETE and Database Design, primary Keys, Foreign Keys and Entity Relationship Diagrams. Links them to the assignment and previews Week 6: Computer Networks and Internet Technologies.	Listen, ask questions and copy the assignment.	Reinforcement of key concepts and a preview of the next lesson.

Assignment: i. (a) Define a Database Management System (DBMS) and state two (2) advantages of databases over traditional file systems. (b) Explain the following database terms: (i) Record (ii) Field (iii) Primary Key (c) A database backup file measures 5 Gigabytes (GB). Convert this capacity into Megabytes (MB) and calculate how many 4 MB database tables can fit into that storage space. Show workings. ii. A school database has a Students table with columns admission_number, name, class and a Fees table with columns fee_id, admission_number, amount_paid and total_fee. Explain what a primary key is and why admission_number is a suitable primary key for Students. Then explain what a foreign key is and how the admission_number in Fees links the two tables.